Which of the following is an effect of radiation exposure?

The effect of radiation exposure on biological systems is primarily associated with cellular damage. When living organisms are exposed to radiation, particularly ionizing radiation, it can cause alterations at a molecular level, especially within DNA. This damage can lead to mutations, impaired cellular functions, or even cell death. The severity of the damage often depends on the type and amount of radiation, as well as the duration of exposure.

While it might be assumed that certain physiological processes could be positively impacted (such as nutritional absorption, metabolic state, or cognitive functions), exposure to radiation is generally detrimental to health. Cellular damage can manifest in various ways, including increased risk of cancer, tissue damage, and various acute and chronic health problems. Thus, the outcomes associated with radiation exposure predominantly include harmful effects rather than enhancements or improvements in bodily functions.